Journal of natural sciences, life and applied sciences
_*]:min-w-0"> The Journal of Natural, Life and Applied Sciences is an international, peer-reviewed, specialized, and indexed journal. Published quarterly (every 3 months) by the Arab Institute for Science and Research Publishing (AISRP) as part of its distinguished scientific series, the journal seeks to contribute to knowledge development and dissemination by addressing contemporary issues in natural, life and applied sciences through the unique studies it publishes. The current Editor-in-Chief is Professor Ibrahim Omar Saeed Al-Hamdani. _*]:min-w-0"> The journal encompasses broad scientific domains: physics and astronomy, chemistry and materials science, biology and biotechnology, mathematics and statistics, earth and environmental sciences, biochemistry and molecular biology, genetics and genomics, ecology and biodiversity, nanotechnology and advanced materials, computational sciences, marine and atmospheric sciences, and cross-disciplinary research bridging fundamental science with practical applications. _*]:min-w-0"> The publication aspires to advance scientific understanding through innovative research that explores natural phenomena, biological systems, and technological solutions. Upholding stringent international peer-review criteria, it ensures dissemination of groundbreaking discoveries that solidify its reputation as an essential platform for scientists, researchers, and innovators driving progress in fundamental and applied sciences globally.
The Arab Institute for Science and Research Publishing (AISRP)
Transcending Rational Principles: Mathematical Infinity as a Foundation for New Principles – Four Absolute Binary Theorems as a Basis for Absolute Infinite Systems
This paper explores the concept of mathematical infinity from a new perspective, redefining infinity as a family of absolute theorems, numbers, principles, and computational systems, rather than a merely quantitative notion. The study criticizes traditional logical and mathematical foundations-such as the principle of identity, the principle of non‑contradiction, quantitative equivalence and inequality, and the classical understanding of the four arithmetic operations as repeated aggregation or subtraction-and argues that these are only limited special cases that obstruct a deeper grasp of infinity and number. The main objectives are to: (1) define infinity in a new mathematical way, (2) define numbers as a special case of infinity, (3) identify primary mental principles as absolute mathematical systems, (4) present four absolute binary theorems as new foundational principles, and (5) establish a framework that transcends set theory and the geometric–quantitative version of Pythagoras’ theorem. Methodologically, the paper constructs and proves four absolute binary theorems, based on the principles of binary rank equivalence, reduction, and absolute binary ordering, and uses them to generate infinite computational systems. The results show that infinity can be understood as absolute infinite hypotheses, principles, theorems, and systems, and that numbers and primary mental principles are forms of infinity defined under absolute principles. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that the four arithmetic operations are, in their true nature, absolute infinite principles, and that the classical principles of identity and non‑contradiction are special finite cases of absolute non‑identity and contradiction. The paper concludes by calling for a comprehensive reformulation of mathematics, logic, and scientific knowledge on the basis of these new absolute principles.
Copyright (c) 2025 The Arab Institute for Science and Research Publishing (AISRP) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluation of the Immunological Markers IL-10 and IL-12 in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematous
Objectives: The current study focuses on evaluating the serum levels of both cytokinin IL-10 and IL-12 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and investigating their association with disease activity. Methods:.A case–control study was conducted on Forty-six patients infected with lupus erythematous (41 females and 5 males), and 30 healthy volunteers (22 females and 8 males), with age ranged from 13 to 45 years were collected from Department of Chronic Diseases in Marjan Medical City in Babylon Governorate, Iraq. The hospital's consultant doctors diagnosed patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in accordance with the applicable clinical standards. The levels of cytokines IL-10 and IL-12 were measured using ELISA technology, and disease activity was assessed with the SLEDAI score, which incorporates clinical and laboratory features to quantify disease severity. Results: The concentrations of IL-10 and IL-12 in the serums of erythematosus patients compared to healthy people (p &lt; 0.05) with a positive correlation between IL-10 and IL-12 levels in the patient group The study revealed significantly higher serum concentrations of IL-10 and IL-12 in patients with SLE compared to healthy controls (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, both cytokines demonstrated a positive correlation with each other and showed significant positive associations with the SLEDAI score, highlighting their potential role in reflecting disease activity. Conclusions: High serum levels of IL-10 and IL-12 indicate a possible synergistic role that may contribute to the various effects of causing SLE. Full knowledge of understanding the interaction and the role that these two cytokines play may lead to better insights into the mechanism of the disease and the development of new treatments to prevent damage to SLE, prevent organ damage in SLE. Conclusions: Elevated serum levels of IL-10 and IL-12, together with their correlation with the SLEDAI index, suggest a synergistic role in disease activity and progression. A better understanding of their interactions may provide valuable insights into SLE pathogenesis and support the development of new strategies to prevent organ damage.
Autoimmune Disease, Cytokines, ELISA, IL-10, IL-12
Pollution In The Lagoons of Central-West Jeddah City
Water quality is one of the most important environmental factors affecting human health and the sustainability of ecosystems, as it reflects the levels of pollution and the extent to which water resources are influenced by various human activities. This study aims to determine the variation in pollution among three lagoons located in the western part of Jeddah city. The study relies on remote sensing techniques and geographic information systems to analyze the spatial distribution of environmental indicators. The research is based on the descriptive-analytical method to describe the study area, analyze the spatial distribution of pollutants using Sentinel-2 satellite data, and extract the following spectral indicators: (NDCI - NDTI - TSS) through the Google Earth Engine platform. The results revealed that Al-Arbaeen lagoon recorded the highest average concentration of total suspended solids (TSS) with a mean of 2856 mg/L, followed by Al-Shabab lagoon with an average of 1756 mg/L, while Al-Salam lagoon was the least polluted with an average of 698 mg/L. The spatial variation among the lakes reached 167%, reflecting differences in pollution intensity. The study recommends continuous environmental monitoring using remote sensing technologies and ongoing water analysis studies to identify any potential changes that may occur.
Table of Content: Pollution In The Lagoons of Central-West Jeddah City Ms. Sara Husain Alghamdi, Asst-Prof. Abrar Abdulhadi Almalki Evaluation of the Immunological Markers IL-10 and IL-12 in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematous Lecturer / Ali Mohammed Abd-Alameer Transcending Rational Principles: Mathematical Infinity as a Foundation for New Principles – Four Absolute Binary Theorems as a Basis for Absolute Infinite Systems Dr. Abdelrahman Yousif Bashclare
Journal of Natural Sciences, Life and Applied Sciences
Effectiveness of Urban Parks in Reducing Surface Temperatures in Riyadh City Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
This study aims to analyze the environmental role of urban parks in Riyadh in mitigating the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon by evaluating the impact of vegetation cover and green spaces on lowering surface temperatures. The study relies on the analysis of satellite imagery captured by Landsat for the years 2014 and 2020, alongside the use of Google Earth to locate parks, which were subsequently processed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and statistical analysis methods. The relationship between vegetation distribution within the parks and its influence on temperatures in the surrounding areas within a 500-meter radius was examined. The results revealed clear differences in the environmental impact of parks. Parks such as Al-Salam Park and King Abdulaziz Historical Center Park showed a significant temperature reduction of up to 6.72°C, attributed to dense vegetation and the presence of water bodies. In contrast, some parks with limited vegetation, such as Abu Dhar Al-Ghafari Park and Al-Rawda Park, were not effective in cooling, and even showed negative thermal effects due to high proportions of impervious surfaces and sparse tree coverage. The study concludes that the effectiveness of parks in reducing surface temperatures is primarily dependent on their design and the distribution of vegetation and water elements within them. The findings underscore the importance of integrating environmental considerations into urban planning and promoting policies that support the development and maintenance of green spaces as a vital tool for enhancing local climate and quality of life in arid cities.
Evolution of the Lower Valley of Oued Za during the Quaternary (Northeastern Morocco)
Oued Za, upon exiting the Jerada mountain range, flows from the southeast to the northwest and joins the Moulouya River. Its valley contains abundant Plio-Quaternary alluvial formations. Surveys conducted using a Leica GPS station allowed the production of accurate transverse geological cross-sections and a distribution map of Quaternary formations at a 1:50,000 scale. The lithological, stratigraphic, and morphological data show that, since the end of the Pliocene, episodes of alluvial deposition and erosion have alternated, primarily driven by climatic fluctuations. These various formations are the result of pluvial periods. The erosional episodes, which brought out the glacis, as well as the middle and lower terraces and calcareous crusts, are linked to dry periods. Finally, lithological and chronostratigraphic correlation was established among the different formations to produce a schematic stratigraphic cross-section.
Monitoring Sand Encroachment on Highways in the Qassim Region Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
Sand encroachment is one of the most prominent environmental challenges affecting the infrastructure of land roads in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as it leads to traffic disruption and increased accidents. The highways connecting Al-Qassim with Hail, Al-Qassim with Riyadh, and Al-Qassim with Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah are exposed to varying degrees of sand encroachment. This study aims to employ remote sensing RS and geographic information systems GIS to monitor and analyze sand encroachment along these roads during the period from 2014 to 2024, and to identify the most threatened areas, and propose effective solutions to reduce the impact of the phenomenon on the roads. The study adopted several scientific methodologies, including the spatial analytical method to monitor the geographical distribution of the phenomenon, the mathematical method to measure the spectral indices (NDSI, NDVI, BSI), the historical method to track temporal changes, and the descriptive analytical method to analyze the differences between the roads. The results revealed a relative decrease in the spread of sand dunes and soil exposure during the period from 2014 to 2024. Where the NDSI values ranged between (–0.43 to 0.70) in 2014, and decreased to (–0.51 to 0.55) in 2024, indicating a decrease in the extent of sand dune spread. BSI values also decreased from (–0.04 to 0.64) to (–0.01 to 0.58), indicating a decrease in the degree of soil exposure. The results showed that the Al-Qassim Riyadh road is the most affected, followed by the roads to Hail and Al-Madinah, and that the areas with low vegetation cover recorded the highest rates of sand encroachment. Areas that witnessed a significant increase in encroachment included Nafud Al-Sir and Al-Quwara, compared to more stable areas such as the Jabal Tumayyah area. In light of these results, the study recommends planting vegetation barriers on both sides of the highways, especially in areas with weak vegetation cover, establishing mechanical barriers in the areas most affected by sand encroachment, and implementing regular monitoring programs using remote sensing and geographic information systems to track sand movement and take appropriate preventive measures.
Utilization of the Byproduct from Phonolite Rock Exploitation in the Production of Ceramic Bodies
This study aims to evaluate the potential use of the byproduct generated from the exploitation of phonolite rocks in the Gharyan region of Libya as an alternative fluxing material in the production of ceramic bodies, with the goal of promoting sustainability and reducing reliance on imported materials. An experimental approach was adopted to prepare ceramic mixtures using local raw materials. Physical, chemical, and mineralogical analyses were conducted for both local feldspar and the phonolite byproduct. Chemical analysis results showed that the combined content of sodium, potassium, and calcium oxides in the phonolite reached approximately 16%, making it effective in enhancing ceramic properties. Six ceramic mixtures with varying proportions of feldspar and phonolite were prepared, and the physical and mechanical properties of the samples were studied before and after firing at 1200°C and 1250°C. The results indicated that the mixture containing 50% feldspar and 50% phonolite (of the fluxing materials) achieved the best performance, with a low water absorption rate (0.1%) and high modulus of rupture, without any deformation or warping. The study recommends expanding the use of phonolite byproducts in ceramic industries due to their positive impact on product quality and reduction of environmental and economic costs. Further research is also encouraged to explore the applications of phonolite in other industries such as glass and ceramic glazes.
:Table of Content Utilization of the Byproduct from Phonolite Rock Exploitation in the Production of Ceramic Bodies Dr. Halima Al-Shaibani Abusriwil, Ms. Numidia Fouad Ftis Monitoring Sand Encroachment on Highways in the Qassim Region Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems Ms. Fidaa Sulaiman Al-Omar, Prof. Mohammed Ibrahim Al-Dughairi Evolution of the Lower Valley of Oued Za during the Quaternary (Northeastern Morocco) Dr. BENHAMED Abderrahim, PES. SBAI Abdelkader Effectiveness of Urban Parks in Reducing Surface Temperatures in Riyadh City Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems Dr. Haya Falah Al-Shahrani
Forest areas in the southern central Rif between multiple economic roles and prospects for sustainable management: Taounate constituency as a model
The southern central Rif has a diverse and dense forest heritage (conifers, cedars, oaks, etc.). This was formed and sustained by a set of natural, historical and organizational conditions. The fragile economic and social conditions of the local population have contributed to their heavy reliance on the forest. Such conditions have led them to play multiple roles in terms of energy, fodder and pastoral... The increasing pressure on the forest in the light of the structural transformations that the area has witnessed, particularly those related to the natural conditions characterized by climatic heterogeneity and the territorial expansion of cannabis cultivation, has led to a decline in the forest area annually by an average of 100 hectares. To save the forest and ensure its sustainability, the authorities in charge for the sector have made great efforts to protect and maintain forest products through technical interventions and legal procedures, to restore equilibrium to the forest eco-system in the southern central Rif. This study aims to highlight the various economic forest roles and the measures state-taken to protect it from deterioration. The paper relied on the descriptive analytical approach and a field questionnaire covering 350 families. The most important results obtained can be summarized here: The multiple economic functions of the forest (it contributes 81.2% of the firewood consumed in the region, about 39.68% of the fodder units, and approximately 1,737,925 dirhams annually in financial resources for territorial communities). Concerning the state's interventions to protect the forest, they consisted of reforesting 1,101 hectares and administratively defining 78.7% of the forest property.
Copyright (c) 2025 Arab Institute of Sciences & Research Publishing - AISRP https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role of Natural Killer Cells and Innate Lymphoid Cells in Immune Surveillance Against Cancer in Mice: A Review
T cells are essential components in cancer immunotherapy, scanning the body for antigens presented on MHC molecules to specifically target tumors. Cytotoxic Cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8+) CD8+ T cells and Th1 polarized Cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4+) CD4+ T cells are associated with better therapeutic outcomes. However, immune responses against cancer are not limited to conventional T cells but involve various immune cells crucial for early carcinogenesis. Many immune cells, despite lacking specific receptors for peptide antigens, can detect early signs of malignancy. Innate immune cells like macrophages and neutrophils provide immediate tumor protection. Unconventional T cells, including NKT and γδ T cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), further enhance immune surveillance. This diversity emphasizes the cooperative role of both conventional and innate immune cells in strengthening tumor monitoring, offering comprehensive protection in all stages of cancer development, from early malignant transformation detection to immunotherapy responses. The study aims to explore the pivotal roles of conventional and unconventional T cells and innate immune cells in early tumor detection and immune surveillance, aiming to improve immunotherapy effectiveness by understanding their complex interactions in early carcinogenesis.
Table of Content: 1. The Role of Natural Killer Cells and Innate Lymphoid Cells in Immune Surveillance Against Cancer in Mice: A Review Ali Mohammed Abd Alameer ,Asmaa Adnan Najm 2. Forest areas in the southern central Rif between multiple economic roles and prospects for sustainable management "Taounate constituency as a model" Dr. Hini Mohammed, Dr. El-Bazoui Jaouad, Dr. Errafik Mohammed
Maxwell's Equations Under Lorentz Transformations: Investigating the Spontaneous Emergence of Magnetic Charge and Current Densities
The quest for magnetic monopoles has captivated theoretical physicists due to their potential to reshape our understanding of electromagnetism. Despite extensive research, definitive mathematical proof of their existence remains elusive. This paper presents a rigorous mathematical framework supporting the existence of magnetic monopoles within the covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism and special relativity. Utilizing tensor calculus and the covariance form of Maxwell's equations, we derive expressions for magnetic charge density and magnetic current density through Lorentz transformations. Our approach emphasizes the expansion of tensorial equations, particularly focusing on the covariant derivatives of the electromagnetic field tensor and its dual. The results demonstrate the recovery of magnetic charge and current densities in Maxwell's equations, providing a theoretical foundation for the existence of magnetic monopoles. A magnetic monopole model is introduced, establishing the relationship between the electric field, the monopole’s magnetic charge, and their dependence on the observer's relative velocity as a direct consequence of the modified Gauss's law for magnetism. This model suggests the existence of dipole bosons—electric or magnetic—which function analogously to the Higgs boson. These dipole bosons are proposed to confer mass, charge, and spin to charged particles, whether they are electric or magnetic in nature.
Modeling Topographic Variables in Relation to Land Cover and Land Use Changes in Hail City
The study aims to elucidate the factors affecting land cover, land use, and their changes, as well as their environmental and developmental impacts in the city of Hail. It begins by analyzing the distribution of active forces in land cover and land use changes in the city and modeling the spatial relationships between them. The study monitored land cover and land use changes and revealed the environmental and developmental effects of these changes during this period. This was accomplished using remote sensing data and geographic information systems to track these changes that have affected—and will continue to affect—land cover and land use in Hail City, with the goal of providing information about the rate of land use pattern changes. Among the key findings, the modeling results showed strong correlations (with 99% confidence) between urban expansion and various factors including geological structures, soil composition, wadi channels, population size, services, and distance from peripheries. These correlations were either positive or negative. However, regarding the relationship between urban expansion and factors such as topographic elevation, temperature distribution, and humidity, the results indicated weak positive correlations. The study recommended maintaining the pattern of land cover and land use changes in Hail City in a way that supports sustainable development plans for the city, in alignment with the objectives of Vision 2030.
Analysis of Morphometric Characteristics and Land Use in the Oued Tamri and Adoudou Watersheds, Morocco: A Spatial and Temporal Study Using GIS and Remote Sensing
Objectives: This research seeks to highlight the importance of using geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing technology to study the morphometric characteristics and patterns of human land exploitation in the Tamri and Adoudou watersheds, and to understand their role in the emergence of flash floods. Methodology: This study is based on the descriptive approach and spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing techniques to analyze the morphometric and hydrological characteristics of the Oued Tamri and Adoudou watershed. High-resolution digital data were used, such as digital elevation models (ASTER DEM) with a resolution of 12.5 meters, and satellite images (LANDSAT) obtained from reliable sources such as NASA. The data were analyzed using ArcGIS software, where morphometric and hydrological indicators (such as discharge density, concentration time, and runoff coefficient) were calculated using Spatial Analyst Results: The morphometric characteristics were estimated at 1.9 for the Tamri watershed and 2.04 for the Adoudou watershed. We adopted the theoretical difference (Ds) because it is more accurate in determining the landforms. The Ds reached 432.61 m in the Tamri and 324.7 m in the Adoudou. Thus, the theoretical difference (Ds) is limited to between 300 and 450 m, indicating that the topography of both basins is pronounced.The drainage density was 1.19 km/km² in the Tamri watershed and 1 km/km² in the Adoudou watershed, while the hydrographic density was estimated at 0.84 km-² and 0.44 km-², respectively. The water concentration time was estimated at more than 10 hours in the Tamri and more than 11 hours in the Adoudou. The speed of rainwater flow was strong, reaching 1.43 km/s in the Tamri and 1.85 km/s in the Adoudou.
Table of Content: 1. Analysis of Morphometric Characteristics and Land Use in the Oued Tamri and Adoudou Watersheds, Morocco: A Spatial and Temporal Study Using GIS and Remote Sensing Dr. Soukaina Amrani 2. Modeling Topographic Variables in Relation to Land Cover and Land Use Changes in Hail City Lecturer \ Afaf Salem Al-Shammari ,Dr. Abdul-Rahman Suleiman Al-Nisayan 3. Maxwell's Equations Under Lorentz Transformations: Investigating the Spontaneous Emergence of Magnetic Charge and Current Densities Mr. Louai Hassan Elzein Bashier
Morphometric and hydrological characteristics of Abo-Habil Basin, western Sudan
Examining morphometric parameter is essential for understanding hydrological processes and watershed management, with the goal of utilizing water for various purposes. The primary objective of this research is to identify the morphometric characteristics of the Abo-Habil Basin in western Sudan, analyze the hydrological network of the basin and its significance, and focus on how natural elements have shaped the basin and their impact on flood-prone areas, which can lead to loss of life and property. Additionally, this study employs Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology for data collection and analysis to establish a database of morphometric characteristics and their hydrological parameters in this region. The analytical descriptive method is utilized to describe the physical characteristics of the basin, including climatology and geology, while a quantitative approach is employed to develop a morphometric database. This includes quantitative analyses of the basin's characteristics, such as aerial, topographic, and drainage network data, using Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and Landsat 8 imagery to derive hydrological parameters. Findings indicate that the valley is situated in a desert climate zone, both arid and semi-arid. The morphometric analysis reveals that the valley trends toward a central location or an endpoint of the watershed, potentially leading to a primary river or drainage region. Additionally, the analysis shows the morphology and arial characteristics of the basin, , presented in Table( 10) including an area of approximately (30211.8) km², a perimeter of (1356.4) km, a length of (374) km, width basin ( 233), an elongation ratio of (0.5), a circularity ratio of (0.2) and a form factor of (0.2). The drainage network analysis of the Abo-Habil basin, presented in Table( 12), reveals five orders, ranging from 1st order (the smallest tributaries) to 5th order (the largest one), with a dendritic drainage pattern.The total Stream length of drainage network is (7271) km, with average bifurcation ratio of ( 5.13) and a hypsometric integral of (19.6%).Relief basin characteristics presented in Table (11). The Abo-Haibl basin has a total relief of (1082) m, a relief ratio of (2.9 )m/km, a relative relief of (0.8) m/km, a ruggedness number of (277), and an average slope of (2.8) degrees. The research emphasizes the importance of addressing environmental risks in the region, such as floods and erosion, and recommends establishing water harvesting projects through dams and implementing soil conservation initiatives to protect vegetation and soil.
Copyright (c) 2024 Arab Institute of Sciences & Research Publishing - AISRP https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Necessary measures to prevent the risk of flooding in urban centers in the Wadi Inawen basin in Morocco: Applied study
The Inaoun Basin depression constitutes one of the Moroccan areas threatened by the risk of flooding in a number of locations, due to its climatic characteristics characterized by the abundance and often concentration of precipitation, and also the concentration of most urban centers on the banks of the valleys, or they are penetrated by a group of a group of reefs that feed from the slopes and highlands. neighboring, This makes it constantly exposed to the risk of flooding, especially with the increase in uncontrolled urban expansion that has occurred in recent years. Which makes the phenomenon worse in the absence of technical solutions capable of preventing hydrological dangers. The occurrence of these disasters requires allocating huge and unexpected financial budgets, and their occurrence contributes to creating social and psychological crises. They also require the competent authorities to allocate aid to the affected areas. For all these considerations, we decided to address the issue of flood risk and management methods in urban centers in the Inawon Basin depression, and we addressed the issue according to the factors contributing to the formation of floods in this area, and the measures taken to protect these centers from their risks.
Table of Content 1. Necessary measures to prevent the risk of flooding in urban centers in the Wadi Inawen basin in Morocco: Applied study Dr. Ali Neddama, Dr. Jaouad El-Bazoui, Dr. Abdelouahed Bouberria 2. Morphometric and hydrological characteristics of Abo-Habil Basin, western Sudan Co-Prof. Ummhani Idris Ahmed
A Geographical Analysis of the Concentrations of Air Tiny Pollutants PM2.5-PM10 on Walking Paths in the City of Buraidah and Their Relationship to Road Quality
Walking tracks represent one of the most important projects to which the government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has given great attention. To improve the quality of healthy life within cities, this study aims to reveal the temporal and spatial variation of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in the paths designated for walking around parks, and compare them with global indicators issued by the US Environmental Protection Agency, and their relationship to the quality of the roads surrounding them, relying on the descriptive approach and the analysis approach and using the statistical program SPSS, where it was done. Identifying six parks within the city of Buraidah, in Al-Qassim region, which meet the conditions for establishing tracks. Accordingly, the results showed that the average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 fall within the good and moderate health levels, according to global indicators. The results also showed that there is an effect of the track’s location near highways, as there is an increase in their levels at Al-Uqailat Manakh Park track, which is located on the main road. ; King Fahd Road, Al-Adl Road, and Al-Montazah Park Track, located on King Abdulaziz Road, as for the time level; The results found that there are no statistically significant differences between holiday days, work days, and time period, between the concentrations of tiny particles, except for PM10 levels, if it was found that there was a slight increase during the early morning hours, compared to the evening hours, as the analytical results showed. The density of traffic on the roads surrounding the walking paths; Resulting in an increase in tiny particle rates. Accordingly, the study recommended the necessity of taking into account traffic safety requirements, and environmental and health standards, when determining the locations of walking paths within cities.
Table of Content: 1. A Geographical Analysis of the Concentrations of Air Tiny Pollutants PM2.5-PM10 on Walking Paths in the City of Buraidah and Their Relationship to Road Quality Dr. Haifa Ali Alkhushiban
Thin Film Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Thymus Serpyllum Plant Extract
Thin films of zinc oxide nanoparticles were made in this work with a Thymus serpyllum plant ex-tract. After the plant was gathered and thoroughly cleaned, a set of procedures was followed to make the plant extract. Next, one of the zinc compounds and the plant extract were used in a pro-cess that was shown to produce zinc oxide nanoparticles. Using infrared radiation, scanning elec-tron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction, the resultant nanocomposite was discovered and de-scribed. The findings demonstrated that the nanoparticles were layered and ranged in size from 20.29 to 65.30 nm.
Evaluating the change in vegetation cover in the city of Buraidah in the period from 2014 to 2024 Using geographic information systems and remote sensing: A case study of Qassim National Park
The research aims to analyze and evaluate the impact of vegetation cover change in the city of Buraidah from 2014 to 2024 AD, analyze the causes influencing vegetation cover change in Qassim National Park, and evaluate its environmental condition, using geographical information systems and remote sensing to obtain quantitative information about vegetation cover using... Natural Vegetation Index (NDVI), and the descriptive analytical approach to develop a detailed description of the changes that occurred in the vegetation in the study area. Through the study, it was revealed that there was a significant increase in the area of vegetation in Qassim National Park, amounting to 2.4 km. This is a positive sign that reflects the efforts made to protect and develop the region, in addition to the presence of changes in the composition of plants in order to expand afforestation operations that contribute to improving biological diversity and enhancing awareness. Environmental awareness to the residents of the region of the importance of preserving the environment and sustaining natural resources.
The impact of changes in temperature trends on relative humidity trends in the city of Jeddah in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the period from 1985 to 2022 AD
The current study aims to analyze the change in the trends of both the annual averages of temperature and the annual averages of relative humidity and the effect of temperature trends on the trends of relative humidity at the Jeddah station in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the period from (1985 to 2022 AD), using the method of statistical and cartographic analysis by applying averages methods. Moving averages, averages, simple linear regression, t-test for the statistical significance of the difference between the averages and the statistical significance of the regression equation model. The results showed that the annual averages of temperature took an increasing trend over time, while the annual averages of relative humidity showed a decreasing trend, and this is consistent with what other studies have found in various parts of the world. The results of the study also confirmed the existence of a moderately strong inverse relationship between the changing trends of annual average temperatures and relative humidity at the study station.
trend of annual averages of relative humidity
Water erosion and the vulnerability of ecological balances; The case of the lower part of Oued Za basin (Eastern Morocco)
The Oujda-Taza corridor has witnessed spatial transformations, It has led to problems that threaten the preservation and sustainability of natural resources, One of the most important reasons for these transformations is the problem of water erosion, which is considered an inevitable result of climate change and the extreme natural phenomena it produces. (drought, opening of vegetation cover, concentration of precipitation in time and place), Which led to land degradation in the lower part of the Oued Za basin, exacerbated by human pressure and the accompanying shifts in exploitation patterns that led to the activation and acceleration of morphodynamic processes, creating a group of environmental, economic and social problems (soil loss, dam muddying, population migration). This study aims to know the characteristics of the environment and identify the various factors responsible for the risk of water erosion, and assess the extent of this risk by analyzing the available data, carrying out direct measurements in the field by exploiting the rain simulator, and estimating the amount of soil lost through the Universal Equation for Estimating Lost Soil (USEL). After calculating various factors, it was found that 7% of the basin area is subject to strong erosion, and the average amount of soil lost is estimated at 5.2 tons/ha/year, while direct measurements showed clear differences in the hydrological response and amounts of lost soil as a function of the difference in natural characteristics. (Nature of the soil, degree of slope of the slopes, orientation...) and exploitation patterns (rested land, plowed, direction of plowing...). The amount of removed soil ranged between 0.12 tons/ha for plots with vegetation, and 3.23 tons/ha for bare lands with strong slopes.
Table of Content: 1. Water erosion and the vulnerability of ecological balances; The case of the lower part of Oued Za basin (Eastern Morocco) Dr. BENHAMED Abderrahim, PES. SBAI Abdelkader 2. The impact of changes in temperature trends on relative humidity trends in the city of Jeddah in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for the period from 1985 to 2022 AD Mrs. Jamila Awad Al-Anazy, Co-Prof. Lameah Abed Al-Aziz Al-Jasser 3. Evaluating the change in vegetation cover in the city of Buraidah in the period from 2014 to 2024 Using geographic information systems and remote sensing: A case study of Qassim National Park Mrs. Samiayh Suliman Aleairi 4. Thin Film Biosynthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Thymus Serpyllum Plant Extract Dr. Rasha Hosam Saleh
Floristic Composition, Life-forms and Chorotypes of Plants for Extended Area from Aqan to Al-Erais, Lahej Governorate, Yemen
The present study deals with the floristic analysis of the flora of parts two districts Al-Musemier and Tuban for the region extended between Aqan and Al-Erais, during the period from March 2020 to December 2022, the present study revealed that the about 208 taxa (including species and infra-specific taxa) belong to 132 genera and 48 families. The monocots are represented by 5 families, while the dicots represented by 43 families. The largest families are: Fabaceae (26 species), following by Poaceae and Euphorbiaceae (13 species for both), then Amaranthaceae, Apocynaceae and Solanaceae (12 species for each one). The largest genera recorded among the study area are: Acacia and Heliotropium (7 species for each). The most dominant life form are: Chamaephytes (79 species), with (37.98%), followed by Therophytes (60 species, 28.85%) and Phanerophytes (41 species, 19.71%). Datura ferox is added to the flora of Yemen, the first time. The aquatic plants and high moisture of soils are represented by 9 species belonging to 8 families. Five taxa are endemic to flora of Yemen; another eleven taxa are found to be near endemic to the flora of Yemen. Analysis of the Phyto-geographical data proved that the Sudano-Zambezian elements are the dominant elements among the flora of study area.
Environmental Impacts of Climate Change: A Comperehensive Review of Causes, Manifestations, and Solutions
Climate change is a pressing global issue that has garnered significant attention in recent years. The primarily causes of this change are human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, and has far-reaching impacts on the environment, affecting various aspects of our planet's ecosystems and natural resources. This review study focuses on addressing the significance and causes of the phenomenon and its impacts on the main environmental aspects including biota, water resources, air, and soil. Rising global temperatures results in melting polar ice caps and glaciers, leading to sea-level rise and coastal flooding. Changes in precipitation patterns contribute to more frequent and intense droughts, heatwaves, and storms, affecting ecosystems, agriculture, and water resources. Additionally, climate change disrupts natural habitats, leading to the loss of biodiversity and endangering numerous species. The increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere also contributes to ocean acidification, negatively impacting marine life and coral reefs. These aspects of the phenomenon have clear impacts on the environmental aspects including biota, water, air, and soil. Addressing climate change and mitigating its impacts is crucial for the preservation of our environment and the well-being of future generations.
Taxonomic Revision of Hibiscus (Malvoideae) of Malvaceae sensu lato in Toor Al-Baha District, Lahej Governorate, Yemen
The current study presents a taxonomic revision of the genus Hibiscus subfamily Malvoideae, Malvaceae s.l. in Toor Al-Baha district, Lahij Governorate, Yemen, from May 2009 to November 2021, based on about 44 specimens conducted. Five species were recognized in the study area (H. aristaevalvis, H. deflersii, H. palmatus, H. trionum, H. vitifolius), to study the vegetative and reproductive morphological characteristics, describing them in detail, comparing them, and making it easy to identify the types of the genus studied from the results obtained. The morphological characteristics of the vegetative and reproductive parts were proved to have high taxonomic significance in distinguishing between five species belonging to the genus of Hibiscus. An artificial key to the five species, full species descriptions, photos, updated names, synonymy, and local names. The wing fruit of Hibiscus vitifolius was distinguished from the rest of the species of Hibiscus studied. Also, the results proved that the H. aristaevalvis is clearly distinguished from H. palmatus by several vegetative, flowering, and reproductive characteristics, such as the number of blade lobos (7), the surface beneath the blade covered with stellate hairs densely, the number of epicalyx (10-13), sepals' length and short style (2-2.5 mm).
Table of Content: 1. Taxonomic Revision of Hibiscus (Malvoideae) of Malvaceae sensu lato in Toor Al-Baha District, Lahej Governorate, Yemen Othman Saad Saeed Al-Hawshabi 2. Environmental Impacts of Climate Change: A Comperehensive Review of Causes, Manifestations, and Solutions Sleem Ali Kreba 3. Floristic Composition, Life-forms and Chorotypes of Plants for Extended Area from Aqan to Al-Erais, Lahej Governorate, Yemen Mazen Alawi Ali Salim Atif, Ahmed Mohammed Moqbal Al-Super, Othman Saad Saeed Al-Hawshabi